Writing a literature review in the pre or post-qualification, volition be required to undertake a literature review, either as part of a course of study, as a key step in the research procedure. A literature review tin can exist just a simple summary of the sources, but information technology normally has an organizational blueprint and combines both summary and synthesis. It demands a range of skills, such every bit learning how to define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval, developing the ability to analyze and synthesize data equally well every bit becoming adept at writing and reporting, often within a limited time scale. The aim of this article is to present a pace-past-step approach to writing a literature review inquiry newspaper to facilitate student and novice reviewers' understanding. A literature review discusses published information in a particular field of study area, and sometimes data in a particular subject field expanse within a certain fourth dimension menstruation. A literature review of a mature topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and more than diversified knowledge base of the topic every bit it continues to develop. The 2d kind of literature review addresses new or emerging topics that would do good from a holistic conceptualization and synthesis of the literature. Considering these topics are relatively new and take not yet undergone a comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to lead to an initial or preliminary conceptualization of the topic similar a new model or framework. The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for developing policies and evidence-based care, a step in the research procedure and as part of an bookish assessment. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literature review the task appears daunting. Frequently-asked questions range from where to offset, how to select a subject, and how

Criteria used to systematic review
. A synthesis matrix organized by the key studies

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47

Writing a Literature Review Research Paper:

A pace- by- pace approach

Abdullah Ramdhani1, Muhammad Ali Ramdhani 2, Abdusy Syakur Amin 3

1 Department of Public Administration, Garut University

Jl. Cimanuk No. 285A, Garut-INDONESIA

aramdhani@fisip.uniga.ac.id.

two Faculty of Scientific discipline and Technology

Country Islamic University of Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung

Jl. A. H. Nasution No. 105, Bandung- Indonesia

m_ali_ramdhani@uinsgd.ac.id

3 Department of Industrial Engineering and Direction, Pasundan University

Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No. 193, Bandung-INDONESIA

syakuramin@gmail.com

Abstract – Westwardriting a literature review in the preast or post-qualification, will beastward

required to undertake a literature review, either equally part of a course of study, as a

cardinal step in the research procedure. A literature review can be just a uncomplicated summary

of the sources, but information technology usually has an organizational pattern and combines both

summary and synthesis. It demands a range of skills, such equally learning how to

define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval,

developing the ability to clarify and synthesize data also as becoming practiced at

writing and reporting, often within a express time calibration. The aim of this article is to

present a footstep- past- step approach to writing a literature review research paper to

facilitate pupil and novice reviewers' understanding.

Key Words – Literature review; Literature searching; Writing a review.

1 Introduction

A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes

information in a item subject surface area within a certain time menstruum. A literature review of a mature

topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and

more than diversified noesis base of operations of the topic as it continues to develop. The second kind of literature

review addresses new or emerging topics that would benefit from a holistic conceptualization and

synthesis of the literature. Considering these topics are relatively new and have not yet nethergone a

comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to lead to an initial or preliminary

conceptualization of the topic similar a new model or framework.

The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for

developing policies and evidence-based intendance, a pace in the research process and as part of an academic

cess. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literature review the job appears

daunting. Ofttimes-asked questions range from where to start, how to select a subject, and how

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many articles to include, to what is involved in a review of the literature (Cronin, et. al., 2008). A

literature review tin can exist just a simple summary of the sources, but it ordinarily has an organizational

pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a epitomize of the important

information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-arrangement, or a reshuffling, of that information. Information technology

might requite a new estimation of old material or combine new with one-time interpretations. Or it might

trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation,

the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the almost pertinent or relevant

(writingcenter.unc.edu).

2 What is a Literature Review

A literature review is a surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular

issue, surface area of research, or theory, and by so doing, providing a clarification, summary, and critical

evaluation of these works. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have

explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your enquiry fits

into the larger field of study (libguides.usc.edu, due north.d.). A literature review is a description of theastward

literature relevant to a particular field or topic. It gives an overview of what has been said, who the key

writers are, what are the prevailing theories and hypotheses, what questions are existence asked, and what

methods and methodologies are appropriate and useful. As such, it is non in itself primary research, but

rather it reports on other findings (Emerald Group Publishing, n.d.).

The chief reports used in the literature may be verbal, but idue north the vast majority of cases reports are

written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical analytic, or

methodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarise, evaluate, clarify

and/ or integrate the content of primary reports (Cooper, 1988).

A literature review isouth an objective, thorough summary and disquisitional analysis of the relevant bachelor

research and not-enquiry literature on the topic being studied (Hart, 1998; Cronin, et al., 2008). Its

goal is to bring the reader upwardly- to -date with current literature on a topic and form the basis for another

goal, such as the justification for future research in the area. A good literature review gathers

data virtually a detail subject area from many sources. It is well written and contains few if any

personal biases. Information technology should comprise a articulate search and choice strategy (Carnwell and Daly, 2001;

Cronin, et al., 2008). Good structuring is essential to raise the flow and readability of the review

(Colling, 2003).

Literature review is dissimilar from an academic research paper. The principal focus of an academic

inquiry newspaper is to develop a new statement, and a enquiry newspaper will comprise a literature review as

one of its parts. In a research paper, you apply the literature every bit a foundation and as back up for a new

insight that you lot contribute. The focus of a literature review, however, is to summarize and synthesize

the arguments and ideas of others without adding new contributions.

The vast bulk of literature reviews serve as a section of a master research article that provides the

theoretical foundation for the main written report that is the subject of the article. In that capacity, Fink (2005)

describes multiple purposes for literature reviews. A literature review anchors the rest of a scholarly

article. Information technology describes the content and quality of knowledge already bachelor, and readily presents the

reader the significance of previous work (Okoli & Schabram, 2010). As an bookish slice, the review

cannot only regurgitate the subject thing, but rather must contribute to the work in its dual

arroyo of synthesizing the available cloth and offer a scholarly critique of theory (Okoli &

Schabram, 2010).

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3 Systematic Literature Review

The purpose of a systematic literature review is to provide as complete a list equally possible of all the

published and unpublished studies relating to a particular subject expanse. It is different with traditional

reviews that attempt to summarize results of a number of studies, systematic reviews use explicit and

rigorous criteria to identify, critically evaluate and synthesize all the literature on a particular topic

(Cronin, et al, 2008). Primary purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a comprehensive

background for understanding current knowledge and highlighting the significance of new research. It

can inspire research ideas by identifying gaps or inconsistencies in a body of knowledge, thus helping

the researcher to make up one's mind or define research questions or hypotheses.

Beecroft et. al. (2006) argue that a sufficiently focused research question is essential before

undertaking a literature review. Every bit, however, it can assistance refine or focus a broad inquiry question

and is useful for both topic selection and topic refinement. It tin can besides be helpful in developing

conceptual or theoretical frameworks (Coughlan, et al, 2007; Cronnin, et al, 2008).

Parahoo (2006) suggests that a systematic review should detail the fourth dimension frameastward within which the

literature was selected, equally well as the methods used to evaluate and synthesize findings of the studies

in question. In order for the reader to assess the reliability and validity of the review (see figure 1), the

reviewer needs to present the precise criteria used to: (a) Codify the research question; (b) Gear up

inclusion or exclusion criteria; (c) Select and access the literature; (d) Asses the quality of the literature

include in the review; (e) Analyse, synthesize and disseminate the findings.

Fig.1: Criteria used to systematic review

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4 Steps in the Literature Review Procedure

Given the detail processes involved in systematic reviews, meta-analysis and meta-synthesis, the

focus of the remainder of this article is on the steps involved in undertaking a traditional or narrative

review of the literature. Cronin et. al. (2008) contend that the showtime stride involves identifying the subject area of

the literature review. The researcher undertaking a quantitative study may have decided this already.

Even so, for the individual undertaking a not -research based literature review this will exist the offset

step.

iv.ane Choosing a review topic

The first task to tackle, often the most hard, in writing a review of literature is choosing a topic

(Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin, et al, 2008). Oftentimes the job is particularly difficult considering of a

lack of knowledge in the content area. Below are some hints for facilitating your choice of a topic.

First, skim through your textbook and identify broad topics in the discipline that interest y'all. 2nd,

read the chapters associated with the topics you pick to develop familiarity with the vocabulary (central

words), primary investigators, and issues or controversies in the area. Third, talking to others, such as

practiced, or reading around a topic can also help to identify what areas of the discipline the reviewer is

interested in and may help signal how much data exists on the topic (Timmins and McCabe,

2005). The next step, after choosing a topic, is to go to the library and search for periodical articles

published idue north the area. Use key words to observe article titles for specific topics; sometimes abstracts are

provided for the reader'south reference. Abstracts tin be useful, time saving devices because they aid in

weeding good, associated literature from unrelated, peripheral articles.

Cronin (2008) explained that having sufficient literature is also important, particularly when the

review is an academic consignment. These academic exercises unremarkably have brusque deadlines, so having

plenty literature is key from the perspective of being able to do the review and submit it on fourth dimension.

Literature reviews that are part of bookish coursework usually have strictly enforced word limits and

it is important to adhere to that limit. Topics that are also broad will result in reviews that are either likewise

long or as well superficial. Equally a rule of pollex, it is amend to start with a narrow and focused topic, and if

necessary broaden the scope of the review as you progress. Information technology is much more difficult to cut content

successfully, especially if time is short.

4.ii Searching and selecting appropriate articles

The next step after selected a topic is to identify, in a structured way, the advisable and related

data. A systematic approach is considered almost likely to generate a review that will be

beneficial in informing practice (Hek and Langton, 2000; Cronin et al, 2008). Newell and Burnard

(2006) suggest that comprehensiveness and relevance are what reviewers need to consider and add that

the more specific the topic or question being searched is, the more focused the effect will exist (Cronin et

al, 2008).

The type of articles that are selected for a good review of literature are theoretical presentations,

review articles, and empirical inquiry articles. Choosing the work of a unmarried researcher may be 1

method for starting a literature review. Your presentation volition exist more powerful if conflicting

theoretical positions and findings are presented along with the position or prediction that you support

in your newspaper. You should cull several researchers' works that accept added to the noesis base in

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a specific area. Strive to eliminate (or explain away) manufactures that have faulty methods or that apply faulty

reasoning to support their findings.

Nowadays, literature searches are undertaken virtually commonly using computers and electronic

databases. Computer databases offering admission to vast quantities of information, which tin be retrieved

more easily and apace than using a manual search (Younger, 2004). There are numerous electronic

databases, many of which deal with specific fields of information. Information technology is of import therefore to place

which databases are relevant to the topic (Cronin et al, 2008). Existing literature reviews and

systematic reviews can also be important sources of data. They can offer a good overview of the

research that has been undertaken, so that the relevance to the nowadays piece of work can be adamant (Cronin

et al, 2008).

Cronin et. al. (2008) contend when undertaking a literature search an of import question in determining

whether a publication should exist included in your review is defining the blazon of source. The four main

types of sources are outlined in Table 1. In conducting the literature search it is important to keep a

record of the keywords and methods used in searching the literature equally these will need to be identified

after when describing how the search was conducted (Timmins and McCabe, 2005).

Table ane. Defining the types of sources for a review

Usually a report past the original researchers of a study

Description or summary past somebody other than the original

researcher, e.g. a review commodity

Papers concerned with description or analysis of theories or

concepts associated with the topic

5iews or opinions about the subject area that are not research, review or

theoretical in nature

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

Information technology is always more desirable to use primary sources whenever possible. Primary sources in science are

usually in the form of manufactures published in reputable journals. Generally, journals are regarded every bit

beingness more upwards- to- engagement than books as sources of information (Cronin, et al, 2008). Secondary sources

include textbooks and review articles or Description or summary past somebody other than the original

researcher. Similar your literature review, secondary sources do not comprise new information. A wait at

secondary sources is often a good move when starting a literature review, but you never rely solely on

secondary sources and e'er review the primary sources as a check against possible errors.

4.three Analysing and synthesizing the literature

After you have collected the articles you lot intend to utilise in your literature review, you are set to

analyze each one (break it down and identify the important information in it) and then synthesize the

collection of articles (integrate them and identify the conclusions that tin can exist drawn from the articles every bit

a group).

Initially, it is appropriate to undertake a first read of the articles that have been collected to get a sense of

what they are about. Most published articles contain a summary or abstract at the commencement of the

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newspaper, which will assist with this process and enable the decision as to whether it is worthy of further

reading or inclusion. At this signal, it may too be of do good to undertake an initial classification and

grouping of the articles by type of source (Cronin, et al, 2008).

There are a number of tools that can assistance u.s.a. analyze and synthesize our fundamental sources. Table 2 bear witness

nearly using a synthesis matrix to organize the sources in your literature review and integrate them into

a unique estimation that non only serves equally the foundation of your study only besides contributes to the

dialogue in your field and establishes your credibility equally a scholar. There are limitless ways of

structuring a matrix (Sally, 2013).

For example is a synthesis matrix organized past the key studies on your specific topic. Identify six to

twelve studies that are closely related to the focus of your study and that y'all will utilise every bit the foundation

for your proposed research. In the first column along the vertical axis of the table, list the author and

appointment of publication for each study (Sally, 2013). And then create columns to identify the purpose or

enquiry questions the authors posed, the method used in the written report, characteristics of the sample, the

major findings of the written report, the main ideas or themes distilled from the findings, how the findings

confirm those of other studies (similarities), and how the findings differ from other studies or offer

data non plant in other sources.

Table two. A synthesis matrix organized by the key studies

Sources, (Emerge, 2013).

Another tools for analyze and synthesize is undertake an initial courseification and grouping of the

articles past type of source. In one case the initial overview has been completed it is necessary to render to the

articles to undertake a more than systematic and critical review of the content. It is recommended that some

type of structure is adopted during this process such as that proposed by Cohen (1990). This simple

method is referred to as the Preview, Question, Read, Summarize (PQRS) system and it not only keeps

you focussed and consistent but ultimately facilitates easy identification and retrieval of cloth

especially if a large number of publications are being reviewed (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Following the preview stage, a reviewer may end up with 4 stacks of manufactures that are accounted

relevant to the purpose of the review (Cronin, et al, 2008). In the question stage, questions are asked

of each publication. Here several writers have suggested using an indexing or summary organization (or a

combination of both) to assist the procedure (Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin et al, 2008).

Although there are slight variations in the criteria proposed in the indexing and summary systems,

generally they are concerned with the title of the article, the author, the purpose and the method

applied in a research study, and findings and outcomes. It is also useful to incorporate comments or

key thoughts on your response to the commodity afterward information technology has been reviewed. For the purpose of proficient tape

keeping, it is suggested that the source and total reference are also included. It tin be very frustrating

trying to locate a reference or a central point amid a plethora of articles at a later phase (Cronin, et al,

2008).

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Every bit it is likely that non all of the articles will exist primary sources, you may wish to suit your summary

organisation to accommodate other sources, such every bit systematic reviews or non-research literature. Possible

headings, adapted from appraisal tools for diverse types of literature are outlined in Table 3. Although

it may exist laborious at times, each article should exist read while trying to reply the questions . Information technology is

worth noting, however, that if whatsoever aspect of the appraisal is not clear, it may be beneficial to admission

more detailed tools or checklists that facilitate further assay or critique (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Table iii. Summary of information required in review

Secondary sources

-review

Journal (full reference):

Journal (full reference):

Periodical (total reference):

Review questions/ purpose:

Key thoughts/ comments, e.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Key thoughts/ comments, east.thou.

strengths/ weakness:

Cardinal thoughts/ comments, e.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

The final stage of appraisal is to write a short summary of each article and may include cardinal thoughts,

comments, strengths and weaknesses of the publication. It should be written in your own words to

facilitate your agreement of the material. It likewise forms a good footing for the writing of the review

(Cronin, et al, 2008).

4.iv System of writing the review

The main aim in structuring your review of the literature is to pb your reader to understand the need

to acquit precisely the form of literature review or enquiry paper that you propose or have washed. The

key to a practiced literature review or research paper is the ability to present the findings in such a way that

information technology demonstrates your knowledge in a clear and consistent style (Cronin, et al, 2008).

The introduction and conclusion to your review of the literature should show how your research

project will join the on-going chat: place the key terms and concepts and bespeak how your

research volition resolve unresolved questions in others' piece of work. You tin aland so outline the structure of the

review itself — by preview in the introduction, or review in the conclusion — and you tin can and so

foreshadow the direction of the next section/ chapter.

four.iv.1 Introduction

Cronin, et al (2008) argue that the introduction should include the purpose of the review and a brief

overview of the 'problem'. Information technology is of import that the literature sources and the key search terms are

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outlined. The introduction will not only present the principal topic, but will also make a statement virtually

the status of cognition in this expanse of research.

Some areas of concern in preparing the introduction is (a) Define or place the general topic or surface area

of concern to provide a context for reviewing the literature; (b) Point out overall trends, conflicts in

theory, methodology, evidence and conclusions, or gaps in research and scholarship, to identify a

particular trouble; (c) Found your purpose for reviewing the literature or point of view; explain the

criteria used to select and evaluate the literature; explain what it included or excluded (telescopic); and

forecast the organization or sequence of the review.

4.4.ii Main torso

The principal body of the written report presents and discusses the findings from the literature. There are several

ways in which this can be done (Cronin et al, 2008; Carnwell & Daly, 2001). Regardless of the style

in which the primary torso of the review is framed, there are central points that must exist considered. First,

Group research studies and other literature according to mutual denominators such as qualitative or

quantitative approaches, purposes, theories, methodologies, or conclusions. 2d, summarize

private studies in particular appropriate to its comparative importance in the literature and to its

relevance for your research. Third, Useastward figures and/ or tables to present your own synthesis of the

original information or to show fundamental data taken directly from the original papers.

In order for your reader to movement through your information with ease while keeping the large picture in

view, order your trunk paragraphs in the aforementioned way that you did in the statement about how your

literature review will proceed. Social club the abstractions (main ideas) from general to specific, deciding

which sources have contributions to make to which concepts. You volition so present more specific

information from the sources, using in-text citation, to discuss the abstractions in more particular and to

point out areas of agreement or debate amongst sources. Your body paragraphs should work to non only

summarize what sources have said, but to demonstrate relationships betwixt them.

iv.4.3 Determination

The conclusion should provide a summary of findings from the literature review. Explain what your

analysis of the fabric leads you to conclude about the overall land of the literature, what information technology provides

and where it is lacking. Cronin et al (2008) mention that the review should conclude with a curtailed

summary of the findings that describes electric current knowledge and offer a rationale for conducting future

research. In a review, which forms function of a study, any gaps in cognition that have been identified

should lead logically to the purpose of the proposed report. In some cases, it may also be possible to

use the developed themes to construct a conceptual framework that will inform the written report. In all

reviews, some recommendations or implications for do, education and enquiry should be

included.

iv.4.iv References

The literature review should conclude with a full bibliographical list of all the books, journal articles,

reports and other media, which were referred to in the work. Regardless of whether the review is office

of a class of study or for publication, information technology is an essential part of the process that all sourced material is

acknowledged. This means that every citation in the text must appear in the reference. Omissions or

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errors in referencing are very common and students often lose vital marks in assignment because of it.

A useful strategy is to create a separate file for references and each time a publication is cited, it can be

added to this listing immediately (Cronin et al, 2008).

5 Conclusion

This article has presented a detailed guide to developing a systematic literature review This guide

presents a step-past - stride approach to carrying out the rigorous, scientific methodology of a systematic

literature review. While written generally enough to be applicative to a broad range of fields,

esspecially specific to social sciences and management.

Whether the approach is qualitative or quantitative will often dictate when and how it is carried out.

Various types of literature reviews may be used depending on the reasons for carrying out the review

and the overall aims and objectives of the research. Writing a review of the literature is a skill that

needs to be learned. By conducting them, student or researchers tin be involved in increasing the

knowledge through evidence-based practice.

References

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Colling, J (2003). Demystifying The Clinical Nursing Research Process: The Literature Review. Urol

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Cooper, H. M. (1988). The Structure of Cognition Synthesis. Knowledge in Society, 1: 104- 126.

Cronin, P., Ryan, F., & Coughlan, Chiliad. (2008). Undertaking a literature review: a footstep-past - step

approach. British Periodical of Nursing, 17(1): 38 -43.

Emerald Group Publishing (due north.d.) How to Write a Literature Review. Retrived from

http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/authors/guides/write/literature.htm.

Galvan, J. L. (2006). Writing literature reviews. Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.

Hall, T., Beecham, S., Bowes, D., Grayness, D., & Counsell, S. (north.d.). A Systematic Literature Review on

Fault Prediction Performance in Software Engineering.

Hart, C. (1998). Doing a Literaturdue east Review. London: Sage Publications.

Lawrence, C. N. (2011). Writing a Literature Review in the Social Sciences. Retrived from

www.academic.edu.

Okoli, C., & Schabram, K. (2010). A Guide to Conducting a Systematic Literature Review of

Information Systems Inquiry. Sprouts: Westwardorking Papers on Data Systems, ten(26).

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San Jose State University (n.d.) Guidelines for Writing a Review of Literature Retrieved from

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Younger, P. (2004). Using the internet to conduct a literature search. Nurs Stand up 19 (6): 45-51

... Para Ramdhani et al. (2014, citado por Rodríguez, 2020, los gestores bibliográficos permiten la revisión de fuentes fiables y de interés que ayudan a dilucidar "el panorama de investigación mediante una visión full general de fuentes exploradas, lo cual afianza el trabajo científico o académico e indica a los lectores como el proyecto de investigación se ajusta a un campo general de estudio más amplio". En consecuencia, se puede decir que en cierta medida existe una acción recíproca entre el investigador y la fuente bibliográfica y que puede terminar en un intercambio de papeles; es decir, que no siempre el histrion desde su accionar cuestiona el contenido, sino que el contenido puede cuestionar la perspectiva de pensamiento del investigador en cualquier escenario social, tecnológico o educativo. ...

Este es un estudio de caso con enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y nivel descriptivo, sobre cómo los estudiantes perciben el uso del gestor bibliográfico colaborativo digital. El estudio ayuda a reconocer la relevancia de utilizar dicho gestor para cualificar la investigación y la producción académica, desde proyectos que desarrollan estudiantes de la maestría en Tecnologías Digitales Aplicadas a la Educación. Participaron 103 estudiantes de los módulos: Caracterización de la investigación aplicada y Propuesta de investigación aplicada. Los resultados dejan ver que los tesistas valoran positivamente el gestor como dispositivo tecnológico clave para la gestión de la información y del conocimiento; a su vez, permiten inferir que esta herramienta informática en mención facilita la búsqueda, clasificación y análisis de registros bibliográficos, traduciéndose en adecuadas toma de decisiones y mejora en el desempeño tanto académico como de investigación.

... Research method is washed through literature review. Ramdhani et al. defined literature review as an act to discuss existing literature works in which the literature works discusses a certain subject also it may discuss it in a sure time (Ramdhani et al., 2014). Therefore this enquiry article will reply the event presented in the previous section through literature reviews. ...

  • Axel Victor Christian

States takes measure during Covid-19 Pandemic. Those measures are not unified nether the same standard thus limiting mobility. With the vaccine and then available the measures and standards states have becomes more complicated and not unified. There needs to be a unified measure out which is a unified social control through international law by analysing whether social control is permissible under international police. A unified social control for measures that effect the mobility will unify standards. It is permissible considering usa behaviour under the current Covid-19 Pandemic. Unified command through international should be done in a treaty or convention. Affairs for the success of the treaty then should be done through rail two model of diplomacy which will provide liberty to united states in raising their wills and business organisation on the respective treaty.

... Desain penelitian dengan literature review dimana peneliti harus melakukan pencarian literature secara mendalam, detail, dan teliti. Tujuan literature review memberikan gambaran mengenai penelitian sebelumnya untuk di kolaborasikan dengan gambaran peneliti atau pengarang saat ini sebagai pandangan baru dalam sebuah penelitian (Ramdhani, Ramdhani and Amin, 2014 seharihari pasien seperti akses pasien untuk ke pelayanan terdekat atau ke rumah sakit, memfasilitasi apabila pasien sedang mengalami kekambuhan seperti pasien mengalami amuk keluarga dapat memberikan bantal agar pasien dapat melampiaskan amarahnya tanpa melukai dirinya sendiri, memfasilitasi alat makan dan mandi pasien dimana alat yang digunakan tidak membahayakan pasien, serta memfasilitasi Ketika pasien ingin istirahat seperti ventilasi kamar pasien yang sejuk dan nyaman, tidak terdapat gorden, dsb. g. ...

  • Firda Nur Rahma Santi
  • Heryanto Adi Nugroho
  • Edy Soesanto Edy Soesanto
  • Eni Hidayati

Halusinasi merupakan persepsi dimana individu tidak mampu membedakan antara persepsi nyata dengan tidak nyata, menyebabkan individu akan kehilangan kontrol akan dirinya. Keluarga memiliki pengaruh dalam kesembuhan atau kekambuhan pasien apabila keluarga belum memiliki pengetahuan yang baik mengenai perawatan halusinasi dan dukungannya pada pasien saat mengontrol halusinasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan hubungan pengetahuan keluarga tentang perawatan halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi. Metode yang digunakan yaitu menyeleksi artikel dari berbagai sumber dengan menggunakan Teknik PICO lalu di sesuaikan dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi yang telah di tentukan yaitu artikel terpublikasi maksimal v tahun (2016 – 2021), artikel full teks, menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa inggris, tema artikel pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan mengontrol halusinasi. Berdasarkan analisis artikel disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi di pengeruhi oleh pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat anggota keluarganya yang mengalami halusinasi dan adanya pemberian dukungan keluarga yang baik untuk pasien. Saran : keluarga secara mandiri merawat pasien dengan halusinasi, di rekomendasikan masuk dalam intervensi asuhan keperawatan.

... The articles were collected, classified, and reviewed to place of import information that can be farther used past various stakeholders of the domain of interest. In this context, a brief reading of the literature needs to be carried out, giving more attending to abstracts of articles as they provide summaries from which readers can decide its relevance to the domain nether investigation [17]. For instance, DiMatteo developed a quantitative review of l years of medical research on patient adherence to treatment. ...

Over the past few years, numerous studies and research articles take been published in the medical literature review domain. The topics covered by these researches included medical data retrieval, disease statistics, drug assay, and many other fields and application domains. In this newspaper, we employ various text mining and data analysis techniques in an attempt to find trending topics and topic concordance in the healthcare literature and information mining field. This analysis focuses on healthcare literature and bibliometric data and word association rules applied to 1945 research articles that had been published between the years 2006 and 2019. Our aim in this context is to assist saving time and endeavour required for manually summarizing large-scale amounts of information in such a wide and multidisciplinary domain. To carry out this job, nosotros employ topic modeling techniques through the utilization of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), in improver to various document and word embedding and clustering approaches. Findings reveal that since 2010 the involvement in the healthcare big data analysis has increased significantly, as demonstrated by the 5 most commonly used topics in this domain.

  • Made Ayu Anggreni
  • Syarif Sumantri
  • Nurbiana dhieni Djalil Nurbiana dhieni Djalil
  • Karnadi Karnadi

Faktor globalisasi menjadi salah satu faktor yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap kondisi internal Republic of indonesia. Sekarang banyak budaya atau kebiasaan dan kepercayaan dari luar yang masuk ke Republic of indonesia tanpa melalui penyaringan padahal seharusnya masyarakat dapat memilih mana yang baik dan mana yang buruk. Pendidikan yang berkualitas dapat menjadi benteng bagi anak-anak dari hal-hal negatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kompetensi guru dalam praktik penerapan budaya pada Lembaga PAUD di Indonesia. Metode penelitian dengan literature review dan menggunakan PRISMA Checklis dilakukan pada bulan Maret – Mei 2021 dan jurnal 20 tahun terakhir, sumber data sekunder artikel jurnal bereputasi baik nasional maupun internasional pada lima database dengan kriteria kualitas tinggi dan sedang, yaitu Scopus, Tandfonline, Enquiry Gate, SagePub dan Schoolar dengan tema kompetensi guru dan tenaga pendidik terlibat menjadi pembelajar dari berbagai komunitas budaya di mana siswa mereka berasal, berkembang sebagai pendidik yang kompeten secara budaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru anak usia dini harus berkomitmen untuk mengembangkan pendidikan usia dini yang dapat terlibat dalam pedagogi yang adil dalam praktik pengajaran multikultural. Kualitas suatu pendidikan ditentukan dari berhasil tidaknya guru dalam menyampaikan materi.

  • Budi Darmo Budi Darmo

Ketergantungan untuk mendapatkan efek atau condition dalam masyarakat, membuat seseorang menjadi fetish terhadap produk yang dikonsumsinya. Dalam fetisisme komoditas, iklan sangat berperan dalam menentukan nilai dan makna sebuah produk. Makna palsu yang ditanamkan ke dalam produk membuat seakan-akan kenikmatan nyata-lah yag dikonsumsi dari produk yang digunakan. Dalam Iklan AXE Parfum Saku versi Dijemput Si Cantik terdapat banyak jenis fetisisme komoditas dimana maknamakna saling tumpang tindih menyuarakan kebenarannya. Namun, makna tersebut menjadi penting untuk seseorang atau malah merusak kesadarannya, sehingga melazimkan pemujaan pada komoditi. Pada akhirnya masyarakat harus lebih kritis dalam melihat dan memilih produk yang dikonsumsinya. Kata kunci: fetisisme komoditas, iklan, makna

  • Edy Chandra Edy Chandra

Tren terhadap pemeliharaan terhadap tanaman dalam/luar rumah, yaitu jenis sukulen dan kaktus mulai menjadi sebuah aktivitas baru semasa pandemic covid-xix, yang mewajibkan setiap masyarakat global ataupun regional untuk lebih banyak beraktivitas di rumah. Upaya aktivitas ini telah menjadi peluang para wirausahawan ( entrepreneur) pemula untuk memulai jenis usaha dibidang ini, termasuk salah-satunya adalah produk media tanam (pasir malang, sekam, pumice, dll). Pengembangan pada seorang wirausaha muda yang menjual produk media tanam adalah pengembangan pada penciptaan identitas visual pada brand produk media tanam dan juuga aplikasi pada media stiker untuk mendukung identitas kemasan di mata konsumen. Proses pengembangan identias melibatkan proyek perancangan visual brand produk secara sederhana yang disampaikan oleh desainer kepada kliennya. Prosesnya melibatkan brainstorming seputar ide-ide visual media tanam dengan sukulen dan kaktus.

  • George Kaliampos George Kaliampos

The concluding iii decades two distinct trends take emerged within Early Childhood Education, namely Early on Babyhood Science Educational activity and Early Childhood Special Instruction. The current paper tries to motion along these areas and illuminate the common ground that lie betwixt them. In particular, cartoon from the formulated empiricist, Piagetian and socio-cognitive trends within Early Childhood Scientific discipline Teaching, information technology tries to explore to what extend they could expand in special needs context. In addition, it proposes various, specific strategies that emerge from the in a higher place-mentioned trends and could be implemented in teaching scientific discipline inside special needs settings. Past so doing, the nowadays newspaper aspires to set the frame of a newly built-in and well-promising tendency, that of Early on Babyhood Special Science Education.

  • Zayyan Velda Send
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual basis is a milestone in the reform of government financial reporting. State financial management policies in the new authorities era besides provided new insights for the development of government bookkeeping research. This study aims to provide an overview of the development of government accounting enquiry in two reputable national journals indexed by SINTA 2 during the 2015-2019 period. Commodity observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a written report of 43 manufactures show that accountability and spending are the most popular topics to exist discussed. Mixed research methods are still very limited to apply in these government accounting studies. This study contributes to the direction of government bookkeeping research in the time to come by providing signals of several interesting research areas to be explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan footing akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA 2 selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa area penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

  • Zayyan Velda Send
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual basis is a milestone in the reform of government fiscal reporting. Country financial management policies in the new authorities era as well provided new insights for the development of government accounting research. This study aims to provide an overview of the development of government accounting research in two reputable national journals indexed by SINTA 2 during the 2015-2019 flow. Commodity observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a study of 43 articles show that accountability and spending are the near popular topics to be discussed. Mixed research methods are still very limited to use in these government accounting studies. This report contributes to the direction of government accounting research in the future past providing signals of several interesting inquiry areas to be explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan basis akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA two selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa area penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

Eco-innovations, eco-efficiency and corporate social responsibility practices define much of the current industrial sustainability agenda. While important, they are bereft in themselves to deliver the holistic changes necessary to accomplish long-term social and environmental sustainability. How can we encourage corporate innovation that significantly changes the way companies operate to ensure greater sustainability? Sustainable business concern models (SBM) comprise a triple lesser line approach and consider a wide range of stakeholder interests, including environment and gild. They are important in driving and implementing corporate innovation for sustainability, can help embed sustainability into business purpose and processes, and serve as a key driver of competitive reward. Many innovative approaches may contribute to delivering sustainability through business models, merely have not been collated under a unifying theme of business model innovation. The literature and business do review has identified a wide range of examples of mechanisms and solutions that tin can contribute to business concern model innovation for sustainability. The examples were collated and analysed to identify defining patterns and attributes that might facilitate categorisation. Sustainable business model archetypes are introduced to describe groupings of mechanisms and solutions that may contribute to building up the business model for sustainability. The aim of these archetypes is to develop a mutual language that tin can be used to accelerate the development of sustainable business concern models in enquiry and practice. The archetypes are: Maximise material and energy efficiency; Create value from 'waste'; Substitute with renewables and natural processes; Deliver functionality rather than ownership; Adopt a stewardship role; Encourage sufficiency; Re-purpose the business organisation for social club/environment; and Develop scale-up solutions.

  • Chitu Okoli Chitu Okoli
  • Kira Schabram

This working paper has been thoroughly revised and superseded by two singled-out articles. The first is a revised and peer-reviewed version of the original article: Okoli, Chitu (2015), A Guide to Conducting a Standalone Systematic Literature Review. Communications of the Association for Information Systems (37:43), Nov 2015, pp. 879-910. This article presents a methodology for conducting a systematic literature review with many examples from IS research and references to guides with farther helpful details. The article is bachelor from Google Scholar or from the writer'southward website. The second extension article focuses on developing theory with literature reviews: Okoli, Chitu (2015), The View from Giants' Shoulders: Developing Theory with Theory-Mining Systematic Literature Reviews. SSRN Working Paper Serial, Dec viii, 2015. This commodity identifies theory-mining reviews, which are literature reviews that extract and synthesize theoretical concepts from the source primary studies. The article demonstrates past citation analysis that, in information systems inquiry, this kind of literature review is more highly cited than other kinds of literature review. The article provides detailed guidelines to writing a high-quality theory-mining review.

Background: The accurate prediction of where faults are likely to occur in code tin can aid direct exam effort, reduce costs and improve the quality of software. Objective: Nosotros investigate how the context of models, the independent variables used and the modelling techniques practical, influence the operation of fault prediction models. Method:We used a systematic literature review to identify 208 fault prediction studies published from January 2000 to December 2010. We synthesise the quantitative and qualitative results of 36 studies which written report sufficient contextual and methodological information according to the criteria we develop and apply. Results: The models that perform well tend to be based on elementary modelling techniques such as Na??ve Bayes or Logistic Regression. Combinations of independent variables have been used by models that perform well. Feature selection has been applied to these combinations when models are performing particularly well. Conclusion: The methodology used to build models seems to be influential to predictive operation. Although there are a set of mistake prediction studies in which confidence is possible, more studies are needed that use a reliable methodology and which report their context, methodology and performance comprehensively.

  • Ros Carnwell
  • William Daly William Daly

This paper describes the process past which a literature review is conducted. It begins by identifying the purpose of a literature review, and and so explores how key words tin be used to define the scope of the review, how the review can exist organized into t hemes and how conclusions tin can be drawn from the literature to inform farther studies. Examples from nursing and health intendance are provided to illustrate the processes described.

  • Joyce Colling

The literature review is a critical step in designing and conducting a credible study. It might seem tedious at first, simply your own ideas volition become improve adult and thoughtful as you lot critique what other researchers have washed. It volition make your written report stronger. Thus, don't skim over this function of the process. A proficient literature review will make the next steps easier. It volition also clinch that y'all are studying an important area, that the outcome has clinical importance to your patients, and that writing and reporting the results will be easier.